Belajar Bahasa Inggris10

Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Summary
Use
Signal words
Form of affirmative, negative sentences and questions
Spelling
Special verbs
Diagram
Long forms and short forms
Exercises - Past Perfect


Past Perfect - Use
1) Together with the Simple Past
Mary had read the book before she watched a film.

2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect
He had played hockey.


Signal words
no unambiguous ones

Form
had + past participle

Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I had played hockey.
I'd played hockey. You had played hockey.
You'd played hockey.


Negative sentences:
I had not played hockey.
I'd not played hockey.
I hadn't played hockey. You had not played hockey.
You'd not played hockey.
You hadn't played hockey.

Questions:
Had you played hockey? Had you played hockey?
Attention
Past Perfect - Simple Past ;The match had started when he arrived.
Simple Past - Simple Past ;The match started when he arrived.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris9

Past Perfect Progressive/Continuous
Use

how long something had been happening before something else happened
Form

had + been + infinitive + ing
Example

I had been waiting for Susan for 2 hours when she arrived.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris8

Future Perfect Progressive/Continuous
Use

sth. that will have already begun and will be continuing in the future
Form

will + have + been + infinitive + ing
Example

I will have been swimming for an hour by 6.30.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris7

Future Perfect
Use

sth. will already have happened before a certain time in the future
Form

will + have + past participle
Example

I will have written the letter by tomorrow.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris6

Future Progressive/Continuous
Use

1) An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time.

2) Something happens because it normally happens.
Form

will + be + infinitive + ing
Examples

1) When I come to school, the other kids will be waiting for me.

2) We'll be going to the disco on Saturday.

Belajar Bahasa Inggris5

Future tenses - contrasted

Future tenses
Simple Present
Present Progressive
going to-future
will-future
Exercises

1) Use
Present Progressive ; planned action in the near future
going to-future ; planned action in the future,logical consequence (sth. is going to happen)
will-future ; prediction, assumption;spontaneous action
Future Progressive ; action will definitely happen (it usually happens)
Simple Present ; future action is fixed (e.g. timetable)

There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where you live (in Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written communication).
In newsapapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral communication.

newspaper:
The headmaster will close the old gym.

oral:
The headmaster is going to close the old gym.

We can substitute the going to-future with the Present Progressive when using an expression of time.
She is going to see Frank at the airport at 8.30.
She is seeing Frank at the airport at 8.30.

2) Signal words
There are no unambiguous signal words for the future tenses. That's why watch the actions carefully and then define the tense.

3) Form
Present Progressive ; to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing
going to-future ; to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive
will-future ; will + infinitive
Future Progressive ; will + be + infinitive + -ing
Simple Present ; infinitive

3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

4) Examples

4-1 Affirmative sentences
Present Progressive ; I am going to a party tonight.
going to-future ; We are going to fly to Leeds in summer.
will-future ; He will carry this bag for you.
Future Progressive ; They will be playing football on Sunday afternoon.
Simple Present ; The train leaves at 6.45.


4-2 Negative sentences
Present Progressive ; I am not going to a party tonight.
going to-future ; We are not going to fly to Leeds in summer.
will-future ; He will not carry this bag for you.
Future Progressive ; They will not be playing football on Sunday afternoon.
Simple Present ; The train does not leave at 6.45.


4-3 Questions
Present Progressive ; Am I going to a party tonight?
going to-future ; Are we going to fly to Leeds in summer?
will-future ; Will he carry this bag for you?
Future Progressive ; Will they be playing football on Sunday afternoon.
Simple Present ; Does the train leave at 6.45?

5) Spelling

Present Progressive ; sitting (double consonant after short vowel),
going to-future ; nothing special
will-future ;
Future Progressive ; sitting (double consonant after short vowel)
Simple Present ; watches (-es after sibilant)


Present Progressive ; writing (leave out one -e at the end)
going to-future ; nothing special
will-future ;
Future Progressive ; writing (leave out one -e at the end)
Simple Present ; goes (-es after -o)



Present Progressive ; lying (change -ie to -y)
going to-future ; nothing special
will-future ;
Future Progressive ; lying (change -ie to -y)
Simple Present ; hurries (-y to -ie after consonant)


going to-future

1) planned actions in the future
We are going to sing at the party.

2) You are certain that sth. is going to happen in the future.
Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.

Signal words
no unambiguous ones

Form
to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive

Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I am going to play handball.
I'm going to play handball. You are going to play handball.
You're going to play handball.

Negative sentences:
I am not going to play handball.
I'm not going to play handball. You are not going to play handball.
You're not going to play handball.
You aren't going to play handball.

Questions:
Am I going to play handball? Are you going to play handball?

ATTENTION!!
Do not mix up with the Present Progressive!

going to-future ; He's going to read the book.
Present Progressive ; He's reading the book.


will-future
Use
1) Future actions happen without the speaker's intention
The sun will shine tomorrow.

2) Predictions, assumptions
I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.

3) Spontaneous actions
Hang on! I'll have a word with you.


Signal words
no unambiguous ones


Form
will + infinitive

Examples
Affirmative sentences:

He will play football.
He'll play football.

Negative sentences:

He will not play football.
He won't play football. or He'll not play football.

Questions:

Will he play football?

Belajar Bahasa Inggris4

Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Summary
Use
Signal words
Form of affirmative, negative sentences and questions
Spelling
Special verbs
Diagram
Long forms and short forms

Present Perfect - Complex Test 1
Exercises - Present Perfect

Present Perfect - Use
1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present
I have cleaned my room.

2) Recently completed action
He has just played handball.

3) Action beginning in the past and still continuing
We have lived in Canada since 1986.

4) together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently.

Signal words
just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

Form
have/has + past participle

Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I have played football.
I've played football. You have played football.
You've played football.

Negative sentences:
I have not played football.
I've not played football.
I haven't played football. You have not played football.
You've not played football.
You haven't played football.

Questions:
Have I played football? Have you played football?

Belajar Bahasa Inggris3

3. Present Progressive/Continuous

Present Progressive/Continuous

Summary
Use
Signal words
Form of affirmative, negative senences and questions
Spelling
Special verbs
Diagram
Long forms and short forms
Present Progressive - Complex Test 1 Complex Test 2
Exercises - Present Progressive

Present Progressive - Use
1) actions happening at the moment of speaking
Peter is reading a book now.

2) fixed plan in the near future
She is going to Basel on Saturday

3) temporary actions
His father is working in Rome this month.

4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.

5) trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music

6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew is always coming late.

Signal words
now, at the moment, Look! Listen!

Form
to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

Examples
Affirmative sentences:
I am playing football.
I'm playing football. You are playing football.
You're playing football.

Negative sentences:
I am not playing football.
I'm not playing football. You are not playing football.
You're not playing football.
You aren't playing football.

Questions:
Am I playing football? Are you playing football?

Belajar Bahasa Inggris2

2. Simple Past/Past Simple
Simple Past
Summary
Use
Signal words
Form of affirmative, negative sentences and questions
Spelling
Special verbs
Diagram
Pronunciation of the ending -ed
Simple Past - Complex Test 1
Exercises - Simple Past
Exercises - Irregular verbs
Use
1) action finished in the past
I visited Berlin last week.
2) series of completed actions in the past
First I got up, then I had breakfast

3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.
They were playing cards when the telephone rang.
Signal words
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002
Form
- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs
Examples
Affirmative sentences:
regular verbs irregular verbs
I played football. I went to the cinema.
We visited Alaska last year. We were in Rome yesterday.
Negative sentences:
You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) for negations.
I played football.
I didn't play football.
He didn't play football.
Questions:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do).
Did you play football?

Belajar Bahasa Inggris

1. Simple Present/Present Simple

Simple Present

Summary

Use

Signal words

Form of affirmative, negative sentences and questions

Spelling

Special verbs

Diagram

Long forms and short forms

Simple Present - Complex Test 1 Complex Test 2

Exercises - Simple Present

Use

1) repeated actions

My friend often draws nice posters.

2) things in general

The sun rises in the East.

3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events

The plane flies to London every Monday.

4) actions in the present - one follows after the other

First I get up, then I have breakfast.

5) instructions

Open your books at page 34.

6) with special verbs

I understand English.

 

Signal words

every day, often, always, sometimes, never

Form

infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)

Examples

Affirmative sentences:

I read books.	My brother reads books.
We sing pop songs.	She sings pop songs.
I play handball.	John plays handball.

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary do for negations.

I		like	computers.
I	don't	like	computers at all.

My friend		likes	computers.
My mum	doesn't	like	computers at all.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary do.
Do you play football?
Does he play football?